Home  ›  How Are Immigrants Treated in Czech Republic + Peer Reviewed

How Are Immigrants Treated in Czech Republic + Peer Reviewed

Written By Tuesday, April 19, 2022 Add Comment Edit
  • Inquiry article
  • Open Admission
  • Published:

A systematic review of working conditions and occupational health amid immigrants in Europe and Canada

  • T. Tynes1,
  • I. Sivesind Mehlum1,
  • 1000. B. Veiersted1,
  • B. Bergbomii,
  • A. Airila2,
  • B. Johansson3,
  • Thousand. Brendler-Lindqvist3,
  • Thou. Hviid4 &
  • Yard. -A. Flyvholm4

BMC Public Health volume 18, Article number:770 (2018) Cite this article

  • 7387 Accesses

  • 43 Citations

  • 1 Altmetric

  • Metrics details

Abstract

Background

A systematic try to summarize the literature that examines working weather and occupational health among immigrant in Europe and Canada.

Methods

We established inclusion criteria, searched systematically for manufactures included in the Medline, Embase and Social Sciences Citation Index databases in the menstruum 2000–2016 and checked the reference lists of all included papers.

Results

Eighty-two studies were included in this review; 90% were cantankerous-sectional and 80% were based on self-report. Work injuries were consistently found to exist more prevalent among immigrants in studies from different countries and in studies with unlike designs. The prevalence of perceived discrimination or bullying was found to be consistently higher amidst immigrant workers than among natives. In general, still, we found that the evidence that immigrant workers are more probable to be exposed to physical or chemical hazards and poor psychosocial working atmospheric condition is very limited. A few Scandinavian studies support the thought that occupational factors may partly contribute to the college risk of sick leave or disability alimony observed among immigrants. However, the show for working weather condition as a potential mediator of the associations between immigrant status and poor general health and mental distress was very limited.

Conclusion

Some indicators propose that immigrant workers in Europe and Canada experience poorer working conditions and occupational health than do native workers. However, the ability to depict conclusions is limited past the large gaps in the available data, heterogeneity of immigrant working populations, and the lack of prospectively designed accomplice studies.

Peer Review reports

Background

According to the International Labour Organization's estimates, there are 150 million immigrant workers throughout the world, almost half of whom are concentrated in two broad subregions, Northern America and Europe. In Europe, the proportion of strange-born residents increased past more than 50% in the first decade of 2000 because of mobility and migration, and this group now represents about 10% of the European population [1]. Immigrant workers are unremarkably defined every bit all economically active immigrants because virtually of the data sources cannot define the reasons for migration and are probable to tape only nationality or country of nativity. About immigrant workers throughout the world are engaged in the services sector and in industries such as manufacturing, construction, transportation and agriculture [2]. New European Wedlock (EU) and national state policies to liberalize regulations have been introduced during the last decade to open up labour markets in Europe, to stimulate new supply- and demand-driven forms of labour migration, and to run into labour market demands and demographic outlook. Most of the immigrant workers from inside and exterior of Europe piece of work in low-skilled jobs [1]. Although both immigrant status and unskilled labour are idea to constitute item risks of unsafe and unhealthy working environment, relatively footling is known most working weather condition and work-related health of migrants in host countries [3].

Paid piece of work is important for quality of life considering it provides a source of income and identity. The workplace offers opportunities for personal development and socializing [4]. However, not all jobs provide equal opportunities, and some are characterized by occupational hazards such as heavy physical piece of work, take a chance of injury or exposure to toxic substances or poor psychosocial working weather (e.one thousand., excessive mental work load, low job autonomy or negative social interactions). It is well documented that such exposures can negatively impact workers' health [5]. In destination countries, immigrant workers are reported to exist over-represented in less desirable, low-skilled jobs and are thought to be more exposed to adverse working weather condition than natives [vi]. Greater difficulties in entering the labour market and in validating prior educational and technical preparation one time in the host country, poor language skills, and a lack of workers in some unskilled occupations may contribute to the higher rate of immigrant employment in the well-nigh hazardous jobs. Hence, in that location are reasons to assume that work-related wellness among the immigrant population differs from that of the native population in various countries. Other factors such as the reason for migration, geographical origin, historic period at migration and residence time in the new country too likely contribute to differences in wellness condition between immigrant groups and the native population [7]; all the same, these topics were considered to be beyond the scope of the systematic search in present study.

More than 10 years have passed since Ahonen and co-workers published the most recent review of research on occupational health among immigrant groups [viii]. Their search strategy captured both original and overview articles relating to the topics of immigration, work and wellness in the PubMed database for the period 1990–2005. About xc% of the included studies were conducted in the United States, Australia and Canada, while simply a few were conducted in Europe. The about studied outcome noted in their review was occupational injuries, whereas studies of exposure and occupational health problems involved mainly specific populations (due east.g., farm workers and material workers). The authors reported that the studies included were highly heterogeneous and difficult to classify. Nonetheless, they concluded that all indicators together drew a worrying image of immigrant workers' health.

Our objective here was to perform a systematic review of the research on both working conditions and occupational health amid immigrant workers in Europe. Nosotros included studies from Canada considering its clearing government is similar to that of some European countries, especially the Scandinavian ones. We aimed to compare the human relationship between working conditions and occupational health in immigrant and native workers. Our main research questions were as follows:

Enquiry question 1: A) Do differences in working surroundings and conditions exist? B) Does the relationship between work-related exposure and health differ betwixt these groups?

Research question 2: A) Practice immigrant workers take more occupational health problems than native workers? B) Do differences pertaining to working conditions mediate differences in occupational wellness problems?

Methods

In this review, we defined "immigrant worker" in a general sense as a person who is foreign-born and economically active in the host country. We chose a broad definition to permit united states to examine different aspects of work and wellness for diverse groups of immigrants or minorities in multiple contexts.

Search strategy

We searched systematically for the flow 2000–2016 in the Medline, Embase and Social Sciences Citation Index databases during January 2017. We express the search to article titles and abstracts. Nosotros prepared ane list of search terms related to immigration, a second related to occupational health or occupational exposure based on the search string suggested by Mattioli and co-workers [9], and a 3rd related to the country of clearing (see Additional file ane). Other relevant sources were identified through the reference lists of all included studies and other relevant studies identified past the authors.

Inclusion/exclusion criteria and assessment

Two of the authors screened the abstracts and excluded those that did not mention immigrant populations and occupational exposure or occupational health as central problems. All potentially relevant papers were read in full past one of the authors. If exclusion was suggested, it was confirmed past the first author. For inclusion, studies had to run into all the post-obit criteria:

  1. 1.

    The study included and reported data for employed immigrants.

  2. 2.

    The study either addressed a quantitative mensurate of occupational exposure or the wellness status of a working population or analysed the relationship between health and working weather condition

  3. three.

    The study was an original written report published in a peer-reviewed journal, its abstruse was reported in at least one of the databases.

  4. 4.

    The study was published in English language or a Nordic language (Danish, Finnish, Norwegian or Swedish).

The included articles were assessed by i of the authors and so the main author using a ready of predefined parameters that included the report design, characteristics of the participants, definitions and measurement of working weather condition and health, statistical analysis, covariates, results and limitations. This data is summarized in a tabular array (encounter Additional file ii).

Results

The search resulted in 3213 hits in the iii databases later nosotros had removed all duplicates. Nosotros excluded most of the studies (n = 3063) in the initial screening of titles and abstracts. In total, 151 articles were read in total, 92 of which fulfilled the initial inclusion criteria [ten,11,12,13,fourteen,xv,16,17,18,19,twenty,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,xl,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,lx,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80]. In addition, eleven studies [81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91] identified in the reference lists were included. The excluded studies that were read in full did not report information on working conditions or health-related outcomes in a defined working population (due north = 53); 3 were duplicates, and ii were historical studies of asbestos and mesothelioma [92, 93]. Twenty-ane studies [94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114] did not study relevant quantitative measures of exposure or health. Thus, 82 studies were included in this review (encounter the flow chart in Fig. ane).

Fig. ane
figure 1

Flow chart

Full size image

Most studies were cantankerous-sectional (n = 77), except for five with a longitudinal design [26, 45, 62, 70, 81]. Most studies were questionnaire-based surveys (n = 66), except for some register-based studies of sick leave or disability pension [22, 28, 37, 42, 45, 73, 81, 82] or piece of work injury [16, 20, 26, 29, 40, 50, 59].

The studies were from Canada (n = thirteen), Czech Republic (n = 2), Denmark (n = 9), Finland (north = 5), Germany (due north = 2), Greece (northward = 1), Republic of ireland (n = 5), Italy (n = 2), the netherlands (northward = 2), Norway (due north = 7), Espana (n = 20), Sweden (northward = 7), Switzerland (northward = ii), the United Kingdom (Uk) (n = 4), and Europe (n = 1).

Working weather and their clan with health (n = 43 studies)

Of the 43 studies addressing working conditions, 32 addressed research question 1A pertaining to differences in specific work-related exposures and 17 examined research question 1B on whether the relationships between specific exposures and health effects differ between immigrants and natives. These results are grouped into the following categories: mechanical, physical or chemic exposures, psychosocial stressors, bullying or discrimination and different employment arrangements, summarized in separate tables (Tables ane, two, 3 and four).

Table 1 Mechanical, physical, chemical exposure among immigrants compared with natives

Full size tabular array

Table 2 Psychosocial piece of work factors among immigrants compared with natives

Full size tabular array

Table iii Bullying (B) or discrimination (D)

Full size table

Table 4 Employment weather amidst immigrants compared with natives

Total size tabular array

Mechanical, concrete or chemical exposure and wellness (n = 6 studies; Table 1)

A study from 31 European countries, compared immigrant workers with natives and found that immigrant manual workers reported higher levels of exposure to physical factors (vibrations, racket and heat) and mechanical factors (painful positions, heavy loads and standing or walking). Exposure to dust or fumes was more prevalent amid female person immigrant workers only [64].

Three national surveys that compared immigrant workers to natives reported greater exposure to heavy concrete demands [33, 35, sixty], and two surveys reported pocket-size and not-significant differences for lifting weights and forced work position [63] and working postures [35]. Surveys from Kingdom of spain reported greater exposure to dust among immigrant workers [33], just no pregnant differences for chemic exposure [63]. A survey from Canada reported lower exposure to toxic substances for immigrants [60]. A second survey from Canada reported that, both 2 and 4 years after arrival, immigrants with poorer English language skills or lower educational level or those who had immigrated to Canada every bit a refugee were more likely to be employed in occupations with greater physical demands compared with their previous jobs earlier arriving in Canada [lxx].

Full general psychosocial working conditions and health (north = eighteen studies; Table ii)

Three studies reported greater job demands among immigrants [39, 46, 64], while one reported lower job demands [80], and vi reported small and no significant differences between natives and immigrants [10, 35, 44, 53, 55, 63]. Four studies of the general population reported lower levels of job control in immigrant workers [35, 39, 77, 80], whereas three studies of workers within the aforementioned occupation found no meaning differences between immigrants and natives [10, 44, 53], and 1 study reported a meaning higher level of job control amongst immigrants [55]. Two studies of the general population [39, 80] found lower levels of social support amid immigrant workers, whereas a tertiary study of the general population found no differences [35]. Three studies that compared immigrants and natives within the same occupation plant no differences in the level of social support from colleagues [44, 53] or perceived leadership quality [55].

Pertaining to inquiry question 1B, similar associations between psychosocial factors and measures of psychological distress were reported for immigrants and natives in three studies of the general working population in Spain [38], employees in a transportation company in Finland [17] and the general working population of Swedish women [87]. By dissimilarity, stressors were more strongly associated with measures of psychological distress amidst natives than among immigrants in a German study of workers in a postal service service visitor [44], ii Danish studies of cleaners [54] and elderly care workers [55] and a Finnish report of physicians [49].

Bullying or discrimination in the workplace and health (n = 12 studies; Table 3)

Non-Western immigrant health care workers [43], and immigrant employees in a transportation company [18], were more than likely to report bullying than natives. Higher levels of perceived bigotry among immigrant workers compared with natives take been observed in studies of the general working population in Kingdom of spain [33, 41], the Czechia [36], Switzerland [48], and the UK [nineteen, 91], and in UK studies of indigenous minority nurses and teachers [51, 86], and in Swedish studies of immigrant women employed in a municipality [fifteen] and non-Nordic immigrants employed in elderly care [46].

Pertaining to enquiry question 1B, a Castilian survey reported an association betwixt work-related discrimination and poor mental health and self-reported wellness (SRH) amid immigrant workers [thirteen]. A report of the general working population in the UK reported that the gamble of mental disorders was highest amid people from ethnic minorities who reported having received unfair treatment or racial insults [19].

Employment conditions and wellness (n = 10 studies; Table 4)

Studies of the general working population from Sweden [15] and Spain [21, 33, 73], accept found that immigrants were more than likely to written report having a temporary piece of work contract, or to be undocumented and working without a contract [75], whereas studies from Canada have plant that recent immigrants were more likely to report temporary employment than were natives [60, 72]. Employment precariousness (i.eastward., employment instability, low wages, express rights) was significantly college among immigrants than among Spanish natives [90]. Over-education, which is defined as a discrepancy between a person's educational attainment and the educational requirements of his or her occupation, was reported to be more prevalent among workers from outside of Western Europe, compared with natives in the general working population in Sweden [34].

Pertaining to research question 1B, having no work contract or a temporary contract [75] or precarious work state of affairs [89] were all associated to the same extent with poor SRH and mental health in both immigrant and native Spanish workers. Being employed in a temporary job was more strongly related to having disability pension amidst Castilian natives than amid immigrants [73], but was more strongly related to sickness presenteeism amidst immigrants than amidst natives [12]. A higher risk of poor mental health was observed among immigrants with illegal or temporary legal status compared with those who had acquired Castilian citizenship [62]. Over-educated foreign-built-in workers from countries exterior Western Europe had double the risk for poor SRH compared with over-educated native-born Swedish workers [34], and 4 years after arrival in Canada, immigrants experiencing any dimension of over-qualification were significantly more likely to report a refuse in mental health [26], and had a higher risk of work injuries requiring medical attention compared with non-recent and non over-educated immigrants [61].

Health problems, sick leave, inability and work injuries (north = 45 studies)

Studies addressing whether the prevalence of health issues is higher in immigrant workers than in native workers (inquiry question 2A) accept evaluated the following wellness indicators: SRH and mental distress (n = 17), sick leave or inability pension (n = 12) and piece of work injuries (n = 16). Amongst the 45 studies, nine examined whether differences pertaining to working conditions mediate the clan betwixt immigrant condition and health issues [25, 35, 52] or sick leave and inability rates [23, 24, 28, 42, 73, 82] (inquiry question 2B).

Cocky-reported health (SRH) and mental distress (n = 17 studies; Table v)

A higher run a risk of poor SRH amongst immigrants compared with natives, have been reported in general working population studies in Sweden [35], Norway [82] and Kingdom of spain [21, 25], and studies of cleaners [47] and elderly care workers [23] in Denmark. A study of the general working population from the Czech republic reported minor differences in SRH between natives and immigrants [36]. 2 studies compared SRH between groups of immigrant workers [58, 76].

Table 5 Cocky-reported wellness (SRH) and mental distress

Full size table

Four surveys of the general working population in Espana reported higher take a chance of mental health problems among immigrant women [25, 32, 89] or both immigrant men and women [38] compared with natives. Higher levels of mental health issues were also found among immigrants in surveys of the full general working population in Sweden [35] and kingdom of the netherlands [52], a study of hospital employees in Germany [69] and a written report of cleaners in Norway [84]. Three studies have reported higher levels of exhaustion among groups of immigrant workers compared with natives [x, 55, 87]. However, three other studies observed no pregnant increase in the risk of mental distress in immigrant workers [19, 44, 56].

Pertaining to enquiry question 2B, differences relating to psychosocial working conditions and concrete load were reported to have a pocket-size or negligible event on the risk of poor mental health or SRH amidst immigrants in a written report of the full general working population in Sweden [35] and among immigrant women in the general working population in Spain [25]. In a written report of the working population in the Netherlands, lack of recovery opportunities at work, just not perceived work stress, deemed in office for college levels of mental health problems in ethnic minority groups compared with natives [52]. In a Norwegian report of female cleaning personnel, adjustment for psychosocial and organizational working conditions did not reduce the observed divergence in mental distress between natives and immigrants [84].

Sick leave and disability pension (due north = 12 studies; Table vi)

Four studies of the full general working population in Kingdom of norway [22, 42, 82, 83] and Sweden [81] showed that non-Western immigrants had more than full general sickness absence [42, 81,82,83] and pregnancy-related sick exit [22]. Still, compared with Norwegian natives, immigrant men from Northward America and Oceania had lower sickness absence rates, and second-generation immigrants had like sickness absence rates [83]. Ii studies from Denmark reported that immigrants had like [24] or lower [23] rates of sick go out than natives within the same occupation. A Spanish follow-up study of native and immigrant patients treated by primary care physicians, observed a lower risk of sick exit among immigrants [74].

Table 6 Sick Leave and Disability Pension

Full size table

Nationwide register-based studies of the Swedish [45] and Norwegian [28] working population showed almost double take a chance of disability pension amid immigrant workers compared with natives, and a study from holland reported a more double risk of disability pension among Turkish scaffolders compared with natives in the same occupation [37]. By contrast, a nationwide written report from Spain reported that immigrants had a lower probability of receiving disability pension than natives [73].

Pertaining to inquiry question 2B, adjustment for occupation (4-digit lawmaking) in two studies of the general working population in Norway reduced the observed higher gamble of sickness absenteeism among immigrants compared with natives by 12% (in Eastern European immigrants) to 26% (in African immigrants) [42]. Aligning also decreased the difference in the average number of days on ill leave between immigrants and natives by near ane-third [82]. A written report from Kingdom of norway reported that the observed excess risk of using disability pension was largely explained by work factors and level of income, just non by state of origin [28]. Past contrast, a study from Spain reported a lower gamble of utilize of disability pension amid immigrants despite the worse working weather for immigrants [73].

Piece of work-related injuries (n = sixteen studies; Table 7)

A higher risk of fatal accidents in immigrants was reported in one written report of insured workers in Spain (RR = 4.iv; 95% CI 3.9–5.one in women and RR = 6.0; 95% CI iii.6–nine.six in men) [xiv]. A higher gamble of not-fatal accidents in immigrants was reported in ii register-based population studies in Spain and Denmark, respectively [14, 20]. Iii survey studies of full general working populations plant that, compared to natives, the occurrence of cocky-reported occupational injuries was significantly higher in male immigrants in Italy [67]; immigrant men in their start v years in Canada [71]; and immigrant workers in high-risk occupations in Canada [88]. By contrast, a Finnish survey of bus drivers reported a college injury charge per unit for Finnish than for immigrant drivers [66]. Two studies from Canada using aggregated injury data at the occupational level reported conflicting results in regard to whether immigrants were overrepresented in high-risk occupations [59, 78].

Table 7 Non-fatal work injuries among immigrants compared to natives

Full size tabular array

Half dozen studies reported that immigrants are over-represented in register-based studies of patients treated for work injuries [29, 31, xl, fifty, 65, 85]. The injury rates in immigrants ranged from 109.1 to 271.8 per k non-EU illegally employed people compared with 65 per k for the general working population in Italian republic in 2004 [fifty]. A Swiss study of emergency unit patients reported that 66.4% of the injured workers were foreigners; this rate was twice that for the overall proportion of foreigners in Switzerland [40]. The incidence of hospitalized ocular injuries per 100,000 was 134 in immigrants from the EU accession states versus x in those of Irish origin in 2006–2007 [65], and the number of patients with a hand injury originating from the 10 new EU accession states in 2004 was reported to increment markedly from 2000 to 2005. Ii studies of patients with construction-related eye injuries [29] and workplace injuries requiring referral to a plastic surgery service [31] reported that 48 and forty% of the injuries, respectively, were in foreign-built-in workers; these workers represented ix% of the total workforce in Ireland. [16]. A Norwegian study of occupational injuries registered in an emergency ward reported that 30% of those with serious injuries had a non-Scandinavian language as their kickoff linguistic communication; these workers represented 12% of the workforce [85].

Discussion

The aim of the present paper was to utilise a systematic arroyo to explore the literature and make up one's mind whether working conditions and occupational health differ betwixt immigrant and native workers in Europe and Canada.

The most robust effect in the present analyses is the higher risk of piece of work injuries in immigrant than in native workers in studies from different countries and with different designs (e.grand., occupational injury records, national surveys and patient records) [14, 20, 29, 31, 40, 50, 65, 67, 71, 85, 88]. However, one study that compared immigrants and natives with similar jobs and work tasks (bus drivers) did non observe a higher chance among immigrants [66]. Different written report designs and the fact that many of the studies were based on patient samples without admission to the population at hazard make it hard to compare the risk estimates in all studies. Register-based population studies are considered the gold standard for estimating injury rates in the full general population; even so, a common limitation in all the included studies was that these studies did not business relationship for illegally employed workers, too equally legally workers, who were not establish in the national registries. Nevertheless, our findings are consequent with the results from two previous reviews based primarily on studies from the Usa (U.South.) [8, xiv]. Preventing piece of work injuries in immigrant workers should take a loftier priority at both the government and enterprise levels.

Across a big number of survey studies, our analyses consistently show that the prevalence rates of bullying [xviii, 43] and perceived discrimination [15, 19, 36, 41, 46, 48, 51, 86, 91] were college in immigrants than in natives. Still, the different definitions and measures of bullying and discrimination used in these studies rules out the possibility of comparison prevalence estimates. Immigrants do non generally appear to experience poorer psychosocial working conditions than natives within like occupational groups, and psychosocial working conditions appear to exist as important for health in both immigrants and natives [17, 38, 44, 49, 54, 55, 87]. Nevertheless, results of studies of the full general working population show that immigrants are more likely to be employed in jobs with a lower level of autonomy and opportunities for development [35, 39, 77, 80]. In addition, employment conditions such as temporary work [15, 21, 33, 73], lack of work contracts [33] and over-qualification [34] are prevalent and may exist of import piece of work factors to take into account, particularly in studies of contempo immigrants [26, 72]. Farther studies are needed to replicate these results in dissimilar countries and groups of immigrants.

Only a few studies have addressed the concrete and chemical working surroundings of immigrant workers. We did not place any studies of the wellness consequences related to concrete and chemical exposures in the workplace. Such health consequences may manifest several years later on the exposure and are therefore not straightforward to investigate, which may partly explain the lack of studies in this field. A previous review reported that studies of exposure and health bug tended to focus on specific exposure in specific occupational groups, such as pesticide exposure amid agricultural workers [viii]. Nevertheless, these studies were conducted in the U.Due south. Thus, the nowadays study shows that physical or chemical exposures among immigrant workers have been neglected in the European research literature. One possible caption is that studies of exposure to physical or chemical factors at work may have focused on the exposure and consequence in certain occupational groups, as in the U.S., without reporting other characteristics of the exposed groups, such as immigrant condition.

Our study shows that immigrant workers report higher levels of poor SRH [21, 23, 25, 35, 47, 82] and mental distress [ten, 25, 32, 35, 52, 55, 69, 84, 87, 89] than practise natives, which is consistent with the findings of two previous reviews [115, 116]. Our analysis also showed that well-nigh [28, 37, 42, 45, 81,82,83] but not all studies [23, 24, 73] have reported a higher risk of sick leave and disability alimony among immigrants compared with natives. The evidence that occupational factors may partly contribute to the excess hazard of sick leave and inability pension observed amidst immigrants is sparse, although a few Scandinavian studies back up this observation [28, 42, 82]. However, differences pertaining to working atmospheric condition were reported to have a pocket-size or negligible impact on the increased gamble of poor mental health or SRH among immigrants compared with natives in studies from Scandinavia [35, 84], Spain [25] and the Netherland [52].

Methodological shortcomings in the primary manufactures

Our systematic review indicated a need for more high-quality epidemiological studies investigating the relationship betwixt working conditions and occupational health; that is, there are few prospective cohort studies that take diverse workplace characteristics, immigrant condition and baseline health into business relationship.

Virtually of the included studies of immigrant workers were cantankerous-exclusive and relied on self-report. Although cocky-reported data are an important source of data about the working environment and health in the population, both cerebral and situational factors may influence the validity of the data. Several of the studies used non-validated instruments to measure piece of work exposure or provided little data nearly the items or instruments used to measure the variables of involvement. Moreover, unlike factors (e.thou., language barriers and differences in semantic meanings, expectations and frames of reference) tin can influence how immigrants evaluate or assess their work environs and empathize and interpret the questions and survey context. In addition, a lack of consistency in the assessment methods and instruments make it difficult to compare run a risk and prevalence across studies of immigrant workers in different study contexts.

Another important consideration is the representativeness of the samples recruited. Immigrants are a heterogeneous group, and individual immigrants may come from different countries, migrate for dissimilar reasons, alive in dissimilar recipient countries and work permanently or for a limited menses. Over-sampling is often required to yield sufficient statistical information, and many studies take included small sample sizes that may not take been drawn randomly. Moreover, the lack of admission to some populations, such equally immigrant workers on brusque stays or undocumented migrants, is another obstruction.

Most studies of immigrant workers' occupational exposures and health evaluated in our review focused on differences between immigrants and the native population in the host state; these provide some insights into differences and similarities in occupational exposure and present health status. Notwithstanding, factors such as the diversity of immigrants in terms of their age, sex, country of origin and destination, socio-economic status, the type of migration influence the possibility to perform unproblematic comparisons of the occupational wellness condition between immigrants and natives [7, 117]. Moreover, the "good for you immigrant upshot" hypothesis suggesting that migrants are initially healthier than not-migrant populations due to the selection of salubrious migrants at migration, but later deterioration of effect considering of exposure to risks in host countries, farther complicates this effect [117, 118] . Thus, the lack of prospective studies that take included factors that can affect health at different stages before, during and after migration limits the ability to determine the extent to which factors in the work environment, together with other risk factors, may contribute to the risk of illness and disease.

Limitations and strengths of the current review

Few studies have evaluated the occupational health risks of immigrant populations. This is the first systematic review to summarize the literature on all aspects of working conditions and occupational health in immigrant workers in Europe and Canada. We searched the literature using a number of databases and hand searched the reference list of all the included studies to minimize the risk of missing of import studies. The selection of articles in English or Nordic languages and our strict inclusion criteria of original, quantitative, peer-reviewed studies may have led us to overlook relevant documentation published in reports, books or websites that may shed calorie-free on this topic. Importantly, the report population in this review represents a narrow spectrum of socio-economic and cultural environments, which makes it impossible to generalize the results to immigrant workers in all parts of Europe or in other parts of the world.

One limitation of this review is the heterogeneity of the methodology used in the included studies. Large differences were observed between the studies in terms of sample size, recruitment methods and assessment of working conditions and occupational wellness, and these variations restrict our ability to compare and combine the findings of private studies. Hence, when accounting for the big number of studies with different written report aims, populations and methodological approaches, the results will inevitably exist a simplification, summary and pick of data and knowledge. Still, we believe that some general conclusions can be drawn based on the current knowledge about the working conditions and health of immigrants.

Conclusion

The overall evidence to show that immigrant workers are more exposed to physical or chemical hazards and poor psychosocial working conditions than natives in Europe and Canada is very limited. Yet, the prevalence of bullying and perceived discrimination is consistently higher amidst immigrant than among native workers. Immigrants have a higher gamble of work-related injuries than do natives. The available evidence supports the inference that immigrant workers are disadvantaged in terms of self-perceived health and mental distress compared with the native population. Nonetheless, the evidence to conclude that the working conditions are a potential mediator of the association between immigrant condition and these wellness outcomes is very limited. Nonetheless, a few studies from the Scandinavian countries support the thought that controlling for occupational factors may partly mitigate the differences in gamble of ill leave and disability alimony between non-Western immigrants and natives.

Knowledge of the working conditions and occupational health of immigrant and ethnic minorities is important for initiating preventive and integrational efforts. Still, this is challenging because of shortcomings in the available data, heterogeneity of immigrant populations, uncertainty about the validity of instruments and the lack of prospectively designed cohort studies. These challenges underscore the importance of collecting information on working weather and health more systematically, particularly among groups that are presumed to exist at greater risk of beingness employed in high-risk jobs.

To sympathize further the associations between working weather, health and immigrant status, and to facilitate cross-country comparisons in the European context, big-scale studies that focus on different aspects such every bit immigrants' cultural and socio-economic backgrounds, language skills and time lived in the host country are needed, as are investigations that are culturally appropriate and use instruments translated into the mother tongue of the target groups of immigrants. Tools and procedures that include immigrants and ethnic minorities in the existing data collection processes, such every bit censuses, national statistics and health surveys are likewise needed.

Many aspects of working atmospheric condition and occupational health related to immigrant movements remain to be investigated. At that place are indications of the over-representation of immigrants in depression-skilled, loftier-gamble manual jobs, which crave confirmation through the analysis of valid empirical data. In addition, there is a lack of data regarding unsettled and undocumented immigrant workers. This matter is complicated by brusque-term, round and return migration, which creates difficulties for data collection and reliable assessment of occupational wellness issues among immigrant workers.

References

  1. OECD/EU. Recruiting Immigrant Workers: Europe: OECD Publishing; 2016.

  2. ILO. ILO Global estimates of migrant workers and migrant domestic workers: results and Methodology. In: International Labour Role. Geneva: ILO; 2015. p. 2015.

    Google Scholar

  3. Marmot M, Allen J, Bell R, Bloomer Due east, Goldblatt P. WHO European review of social determinants of health and the health divide. Lancet. 380(9846):1011–29.

  4. Stiglitz JE, Sen A, Fitoussi J-P. Report past the commission on the measurement of economic operation and social progress. Paris; 2010. http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/118025/118123/Fitoussi+Commission+study.

  5. Takala J, Urrutia M, Hämäläinen P, Saarela KL. Global and European work environment—numbers, trends, and strategies. Scand J Work Environ Wellness. 2009;35:15.

    Google Scholar

  6. Benach J, Muntaner C, Delclos C, Menéndez M, Ronquillo C. Migration and "depression-skilled" Workers in Destination Countries. PLoS Med. 2011;8(vi):e1001043.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar

  7. Rechel B, Mladovsky P, Ingleby D, Mackenbach JP, McKee M. Migration and health in an increasingly various Europe. Lancet. 2013;381(9873):1235–45.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar

  8. Ahonen EQ, Benavides FG, Benach J. Immigrant populations, piece of work and wellness--a systematic literature review. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2007;33(2):96–104.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar

  9. Mattioli S, Zanardi F, Baldasseroni A, Schaafsma F, Cooke RMT, Mancini M, Fierro M, Santangelo C, Farioli A, Fucksia S, et al. Search strings for the study of putative occupational determinants of disease. Occup Environ Med. 2010;67(vii):436–43.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  CAS  Google Scholar

  10. Aalto AM, Heponiemi T, Keskimaki I, Kuusio H, Hietapakka L, Lamsa R, Sinervo T, Elovainio M. Employment, psychosocial work environment and well-being amidst migrant and native physicians in Finnish health care. Eur J Pub Health. 2014;24(three):445–51.

    Commodity  Google Scholar

  11. Agudelo-Suarez AA, Benavides FG, Felt Eastward, Ronda-Perez E, Vives-Cases C, Garcia AM. Sickness presenteeism in Spanish-born and immigrant workers in Spain. BMC Public Health. 2010;10:791.

    PubMed  PubMed Key  Article  Google Scholar

  12. Agudelo-Suarez AA, Ronda Due east, Vazquez-Navarrete ML, Garcia AM, Martinez JM, Benavides FG. Touch on of economic crisis on mental health of migrant workers: what happened with migrants who came to Spain to work? Int J Public Wellness. 2013;58(4):627–31.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar

  13. Agudelo-Suarez AA, Ronda-Perez E, Gil-Gonzalez D, Vives-Cases C, Garcia AM, Ruiz-Frutos C, Felt Due east, Benavides FG. The issue of perceived discrimination on the health of immigrant workers in Spain. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:652.

    PubMed  PubMed Key  Article  Google Scholar

  14. Ahonen EQ, Benavides FG. Risk of fatal and non-fatal occupational injury in foreign workers in Espana. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2006;threescore(5):424–half-dozen.

    PubMed  PubMed Key  Article  Google Scholar

  15. Akhavan S, Bildt C, Wamala Due south. Work-related health factors for female immigrants in Sweden. Work. 2007;28(ii):135–43.

    PubMed  Google Scholar

  16. Alexe DM, Petridou E, Dessypris N, Skenderis N, Trichopoulos D. Characteristics of farm injuries in Hellenic republic. J Agric Saf Wellness. 2003;9(3):233–40.

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar

  17. Bergbom B, Kinnunen U. Immigrants and host nationals at work: associations of co-worker relations with employee well-being. Int J Intercult Relat. 2014;43:165–76.

    Article  Google Scholar

  18. Bergbom B, Vartia-Vaananen M, Kinnunen U. Immigrants and natives at work: exposure to workplace bullying. Employee Relations. 2015;37(2):158–75.

    Commodity  Google Scholar

  19. Bhui Grand, Stansfeld S, McKenzie One thousand, Karlsen Due south, Nazroo J, Weich South. Racial/ethnic discrimination and mutual mental disorders amidst workers: findings from the EMPIRIC report of ethnic minority groups in the United kingdom. Am J Public Health. 2005;95(iii):496–501.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar

  20. Biering K, Lander F, Rasmussen Thousand. Work injuries amongst migrant workers in Kingdom of denmark. Occup Environ Med. 2016;74(four):235–42.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar

  21. Borrell C, Muntaner C, Sola J, Artazcoz 50, Puigpinos R, Benach J, Noh S. Immigration and self-reported health status past social grade and gender: the importance of material deprivation, piece of work organisation and household labour. J Epidemiol Customs Health. 2008;62(5):e7.

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar

  22. Brekke I, Berg JE, Sletner L, Jenum AK. Doctor-certified sickness absence in commencement and 2nd trimesters of pregnancy among native and immigrant women in Norway. Scand J Public Health. 2013;41(2):166–73.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar

  23. Carneiro IG, Ortega A, Borg V, Hogh A. Health and sickness absence in Kingdom of denmark: a study of elderly-care immigrant workers. J Immigr Wellness. 2010;12(1):43–52.

    Article  Google Scholar

  24. Carneiro IG, Rasmussen CDN, Jorgensen MB, Flyvholm MA, Olesen K, Madeleine P, Ekner D, Sogaard K, Holtermann A. The clan betwixt health and sickness absenteeism among Danish and non-western immigrant cleaners in Denmark. Int Arch Occup Environ Wellness. 2013;86(four):397–405.

    PubMed  Commodity  Google Scholar

  25. Cayuela A, Malmusi D, Lopez-Jacob MJ, Gotsens K, Ronda E. The impact of education and socioeconomic and occupational conditions on cocky-perceived and mental health inequalities among immigrants and native Workers in Kingdom of spain. J Immigr Modest Health. 2015;17(half-dozen):1906–x.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar

  26. Chen C, Smith P, Mustard C. The prevalence of over-qualification and its association with health status among occupationally agile new immigrants to Canada. Ethn Health. 2010;15(6):601–xix.

    PubMed  Commodity  Google Scholar

  27. Chowhan J, Zeytinoglu IU, Cooke GB. Immigrants and job satisfaction: do high performance work systems play a role? Econ Ind Republic. 2016;37(4):690–715.

    Article  Google Scholar

  28. Claussen B, Dalgard Os, Bruusgaard D. Inability pensioning: can ethnic divides be explained past occupation, income, mental distress, or health? Scand J Public Health. 2009;37(iv):395–400.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar

  29. Connell PP, Saddak T, Harrison I, Kelly Southward, Bobart A, McGettrick P, Collum LT. Construction-related eye injuries in Irish nationals and non-nationals: attitudes and strategies for prevention. Ir J Med Sci. 2007;176(1):xi–4.

    PubMed  Commodity  CAS  Google Scholar

  30. Cross C, Turner T. Immigrant experiences of fairness at work in Republic of ireland. Econ Ind Democracy. 2013;34(four):575–95.

    Article  Google Scholar

  31. Davidson CC, Orr DJ. Occupational injuries in foreign-national workers presenting to St James'southward hospital plastic surgery service. Ir Med J. 2009;102(4):108–x.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar

  32. Del Amo J, Jarrin I, Garcia-Fulgueiras A, Ibanez-Rojo Five, Alvarez D, Rodriguez-Arenas MA, Garcia-Pina R, Fernandez-Liria A, Garcia-Ortuzar 5, Diaz D, et al. Mental health in Ecuadorian migrants from a population-based survey: the importance of social determinants and gender roles. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2011;46(11):1143–52.

    PubMed  Commodity  Google Scholar

  33. Diaz-Serrano Fifty. Immigrants, natives and job quality: bear witness from Spain. Int J Manpow. 2013;34(7):753–75.

    Article  Google Scholar

  34. Dunlavy AC, Garcy AM, Rostila Grand. Educational mismatch and health status among strange-born workers in Sweden. Soc Sci Med. 2016;154:36–44.

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar

  35. Dunlavy Ac, Rostila M. Wellness inequalities amongst workers with a strange background in Sweden: do working conditions matter? Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2013;10(7):2871–87.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar

  36. Dzurova D, Drbohlav D. Gender inequalities in the health of immigrants and workplace discrimination in Czechia. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:480425.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar

  37. Elders LA, Burdorf A, Ory FG. Indigenous differences in disability risk betwixt Dutch and Turkish scaffolders. J Occup Health. 2004;46(5):391–7.

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar

  38. Font A, Moncada S, Benavides FG. The relationship between immigration and mental health: what is the office of workplace psychosocial factors. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2012;85(vii):801–vi.

    PubMed  Commodity  Google Scholar

  39. Font A, Moncada Due south, Llorens C, Benavides FG. Psychosocial gene exposures in the workplace: differences between immigrants and Spaniards. Eur J Pub Health. 2012;22(v):688–93.

    Article  Google Scholar

  40. Frickmann F, Wurm B, Jeger Five, Lehmann B, Zimmermann H, Exadaktylos AK. 782 consecutive construction work accidents: who is at take a chance? A 10-yr assay from a Swiss university infirmary trauma unit. Swiss Med Wkly. 2012;142:w13674.

    PubMed  Google Scholar

  41. Gil-Gonzalez D, Vives-Cases C, Borrell C, Agudelo-Suarez AA, Davo-Blanes MC, Miralles J, Alvarez-Dardet C. Racism, other discriminations and effects on health. J Immigr Health. 2014;sixteen(2):301–9.

    Article  Google Scholar

  42. Hansen HT, Holmas Thursday, Islam MK, Naz G. Sickness absence amidst immigrants in Kingdom of norway: does occupational disparity matter? Eur Sociol Rev. 2014;xxx(1):1–12.

    Article  Google Scholar

  43. Hogh A, Carneiro IG, Giver H, Rugulies R. Are immigrants in the nursing industry at increased take a chance of bullying at piece of work? A i-twelvemonth follow-upwardly report. Scand J Psychol. 2011;52(1):49–56.

    PubMed  Commodity  Google Scholar

  44. Hoppe A. Psychosocial working conditions and well-being amid immigrant and High german low-wage workers. J Occup Health Psychol. 2011;16(2):187–201.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar

  45. Johansson B, Helgesson M, Lundberg I, Nordquist T, Leijon O, Lindberg P, Vingard East. Piece of work and health among immigrants and native swedes 1990-2008: a register-based study on hospitalization for common potentially work-related disorders, disability pension and bloodshed. BMC Public Health. 2012;12:845.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Commodity  Google Scholar

  46. Jonson H, Giertz A. Migrant Intendance Workers in Swedish Elderly and Disability Care: are they disadvantaged? J Ethn Migr Stud. 2013;39(v):809–25.

    Article  Google Scholar

  47. Jorgensen MB, Rasmussen CD, Carneiro IG, Flyvholm MA, Olesen K, Ekner D, Sogaard K, Holtermann A. Health disparities between immigrant and Danish cleaners. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2011;84(6):665–74.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar

  48. Krings F, Johnston C, Binggeli S, Maggiori C. Selective incivility: immigrant groups feel subtle workplace discrimination at dissimilar rates. Cultur Divers Ethnic Small-scale Psychol. 2014;20(4):491–8.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar

  49. Kuusio H, Heponiemi T, Vanska J, Aalto AM, Ruskoaho J, Elovainio G. Psychosocial stress factors and intention to go out task: differences between foreign-built-in and Finnish-born general practitioners. Scand J Public Health. 2013;41(iv):405–eleven.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar

  50. Mastrangelo Thousand, Rylander R, Buja A, Marangi Thousand, Fadda Due east, Fedeli U, Cegolon L. Work related injuries: estimating the incidence among illegally employed immigrants. BMC Res Notes. 2010;3:331.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar

  51. Miller GV, Travers CJ. Ethnicity and the experience of piece of work: job stress and satisfaction of minority indigenous teachers in the UK. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2005;17(v):317–27.

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar

  52. Nieuwenhuijsen K, Schene AH, Stronks K, Snijder MB, Frings-Dresen MH, Sluiter JK. Practise unfavourable working atmospheric condition explain mental health inequalities between ethnic groups? Cross-sectional data of the HELIUS study. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:805.

    PubMed  PubMed Cardinal  Article  Google Scholar

  53. Olesen K, Carneiro IG, Jorgensen MB, Flyvholm MA, Rugulies R, Rasmussen CD, Sogaard K, Holtermann A. Psychosocial work environs among immigrant and Danish cleaners. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2012;85(1):89–95.

    PubMed  Commodity  Google Scholar

  54. Olesen M, Carneiro IG, Jorgensen MB, Rugulies R, Rasmussen CD, Sogaard K, Holtermann A, Flyvholm MA. Associations between psychosocial work surround and hypertension among not-western immigrant and Danish cleaners. Int Curvation Occup Environ Wellness. 2012;85(7):829–35.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar

  55. Ortega A, Gomes Carneiro I, Flyvholm MA. A descriptive written report on immigrant workers in the elderly care sector. J Immigr Health. 2010;12(v):699–706.

    Article  Google Scholar

  56. Pasca R, Wagner SL. Occupational stress, mental health and satisfaction in the Canadian multicultural workplace. Soc Indic Res. 2012;109(3):377–93.

    Article  Google Scholar

  57. Perez-Carceles Md, Medina Doc, Perez-Flores D, Noguera JA, Pereniguez JE, Madrigal Yard, Luna A. Screening for hazardous drinking in migrant workers in southeastern Spain. J Occup Health. 2014;56(1):39–48.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar

  58. Pikhart H, Drbohlav D, Dzurova D. The self-reported health of legal and illegal/irregular immigrants in the Czech Republic. Int J Public Health. 2010;55(5):401–11.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar

  59. Premji S, Duguay P, Messing Thousand, Lippel K. Are immigrants, ethnic and linguistic minorities over-represented in jobs with a high level of compensated gamble? Results from a Montreal, Canada study using demography and workers' compensation information. Am J Ind Med. 2010;53(9):875–85.

    PubMed  Google Scholar

  60. Premji Southward, Lewchuk Westward. Racialized and gendered disparities in occupational exposures among Chinese and white workers in Toronto. Ethn Health. 2014;19(five):512–28.

    PubMed  Commodity  Google Scholar

  61. Premji S, Smith PM. Educational activity-to-task mismatch and the risk of work injury. Inj Prev. 2013;19(2):106–11.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar

  62. Robert G, Martinez JM, Garcia AM, Benavides FG, Ronda E. From the boom to the crisis: changes in employment conditions of immigrants in Spain and their effects on mental health. Eur J Pub Wellness. 2014;24(three):404–9.

    Commodity  Google Scholar

  63. Ronda E, Agudelo-Suarez AA, Garcia AM, Lopez-Jacob MJ, Ruiz-Frutos C, Benavides FG. Differences in exposure to occupational health risks in Castilian and strange-born workers in Spain (ITSAL project). J Immigr Health. 2013;xv(1):164–71.

    Article  Google Scholar

  64. Ronda EP, Benavides FG, Levecque Chiliad, Beloved JG, Felt East, Van Rossem R. Differences in working conditions and employment arrangements amid migrant and non-migrant workers in Europe. Ethn Health. 2012;17(6):563–77.

    Article  Google Scholar

  65. Saeed A, Khan I, Dunne O, Stack J, Beatty South. Ocular injury requiring hospitalisation in the south east of Republic of ireland: 2001–2007. Injury. 2010;41(1):86–91.

    PubMed  Commodity  Google Scholar

  66. Salminen S, Vartia M, Giorgiani T. Occupational injuries of immigrant and Finnish bus drivers. J Saf Res. 2009;forty(iii):203–5.

    Article  Google Scholar

  67. Salvatore MA, Baglio G, Cacciani 50, Spagnolo A, Rosano A. Piece of work-related injuries amidst immigrant workers in Italia. J Immigr Wellness. 2013;15(one):182–7.

    Article  Google Scholar

  68. Sattler T, Tobbia D, O'Shaughnessy M. Hand injuries in foreign labour workers in an Irish university infirmary. Can J Plast Surg. 2009;17(one):22–4.

    PubMed  PubMed Primal  Commodity  Google Scholar

  69. Sieberer M, Maksimovic South, Ersoz B, Machleidt Westward, Ziegenbein M, Calliess IT. Depressive symptoms in first-and 2d-generation migrants: a cross-exclusive study of a multi-ethnic working population. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2012;58(6):605–13.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar

  70. Smith PM, Chen C, Mustard C. Differential risk of employment in more physically demanding jobs among a recent cohort of immigrants to Canada. Inj Prev. 2009;15(iv):252–8.

    PubMed  Commodity  CAS  Google Scholar

  71. Smith PM, Mustard CA. Comparing the risk of piece of work-related injuries between immigrants to Canada and Canadian-built-in labour market place participants. Occup Environ Med. 2009;66(vi):361–seven.

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar

  72. Smith PM, Mustard CA. The unequal distribution of occupational health and prophylactic risks among immigrants to Canada compared to Canadian-born labour market participants: 1993-2005. Saf Sci. 2010;48(10):1296–303.

    Article  Google Scholar

  73. Sole M, Diaz-Serrano 50, Rodriguez M. Disparities in piece of work, risk and health between immigrants and native-born Spaniards. Soc Sci Med. 2013;76(1):179–87.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar

  74. Soler-Gonzalez J, Serna MC, Bosch A, Ruiz MC, Huertas E, Rue M. Ill go out among native and immigrant workers in Espana--a 6-month follow-upward study. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2008;34(6):438–43.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar

  75. Sousa E, Agudelo-Suarez A, Benavides FG, Schenker Yard, Garcia AM, Benach J, Delclos C, Lopez-Jacob MJ, Ruiz-Frutos C, Ronda-Perez E, et al. Immigration, work and health in Spain: the influence of legal status and employment contract on reported health indicators. Int J Public Health. 2010;55(v):443–51.

    PubMed  PubMed Key  Commodity  Google Scholar

  76. Subedi RP, Rosenberg MW. Determinants of the variations in cocky-reported health status amidst recent and more established immigrants in Canada. Soc Sci Med. 2014;115:103–ten.

    PubMed  Commodity  Google Scholar

  77. Sundquist J, Ostergren PO, Sundquist K, Johansson SE. Psychosocial working weather condition and self-reported long-term affliction: a population-based study of Swedish-built-in and foreign-born employed persons. Ethn Wellness. 2003;viii(four):307–17.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar

  78. Tiagi R. Are immigrants in Canada over-represented in riskier jobs relative to Canadian-born labor market participants? Am J Ind Med. 2015;58(9):933–42.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar

  79. Tiagi R. Intergenerational differences in occupational injury and fatality rates among Canada'due south immigrants. Occup Med. 2016;66(ix):743–50.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar

  80. Tora I, Martinez JM, Benavides FG, Leveque Thousand, Ronda Due east. Event of economic recession on psychosocial working conditions past workers' nationality. Int J Occup Environ Health. 2015;21(iv):328–32.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Commodity  Google Scholar

  81. Bengtsson T, Scott Grand. Immigrant consumption of sickness benefits in Sweden, 1982–1991. J Socio-Econ. 2006;35(3):440–57.

    Article  Google Scholar

  82. Brekke I, Schøne P. Long sickness absence differences between natives and immigrant workers: the role of differences in self-reported health. JIMI. 2014;15(2):217–35.

    Google Scholar

  83. Dahl S-Å, Hansen H-T, Olsen KM. Sickness absenteeism among immigrants in Norway, 1992—2003. Acta Sociologica. 2010;53(one):35–52.

    Commodity  Google Scholar

  84. Gamperiene M, Nygård JF, Sandanger I, Wærsted Chiliad, Bruusgaard D. The impact of psychosocial and organizational working weather on the mental wellness of female cleaning personnel in Norway. J Occup Med Toxicol. 2006;1(1):24.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar

  85. Gravseth HM, Lund J, Wergeland E. Arbeidsskader behandlet ved Legevakten i Oslo og Ambulansetjenesten [occupational injuries in Oslo: a study of occupational injuries treated by the Oslo emergency Ward and Oslo ambulance service]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2003;123(15):2060–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar

  86. Shields MA, Cost SW. Racial harassment, job satisfaction and intentions to quit: evidence from the British nursing profession. Economica. 2002;69(274):295–326.

    Article  Google Scholar

  87. Sundin O, Soares J, Grossi One thousand, Macassa G. Exhaustion amid foreign-born and native Swedish women: a longitudinal study. Women Wellness. 2011;51(vii):643–60.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar

  88. Thurston W, Verhoef G. Occupational injury among immigrants. JIMI. 2003;4(i):105–23.

    Google Scholar

  89. Vives A, Amable M, Ferrer M, Moncada S, Llorens C, Muntaner C, Benavides FG, Benach J. Employment precariousness and poor mental health: evidence from Kingdom of spain on a new social determinant of health. J Environ Public Health. 2013;2013:978656.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar

  90. Vives A, Vanroelen C, Amable K, Ferrer Yard, Moncada South, Llorens C, Muntaner C, Benavides FG, Benach J. Employment precariousness in Spain: prevalence, social distribution, and population-attributable risk percent of poor mental health. Int J Health Serv. 2011;41(4):625–46.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar

  91. Wadsworth E, Dhillon K, Shaw C, Bhui K, Stansfeld Southward, Smith A. Racial bigotry, ethnicity and work stress. Occup Med. 2007;57(1):eighteen–24.

    Article  Google Scholar

  92. Dumortier P, Gocmen A, Laurent Thousand, Manco A, De Vuyst P. The role of environmental and occupational exposures in Turkish immigrants with fibre-related affliction. Eur Respir J. 2001;17(five):922–vii.

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar

  93. Merler E, Bizzotto R, Calisti R, Cavone D, De Marzo North, Gioffre F, Mabilia T, Marcolina D, Musti M, Munafo MG, et al. Mesotheliomas among Italians, returned to the home country, who worked when migrant at a cement-asbestos factory in Switzerland. Soz Praventivmed. 2003;48(1):65–ix.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar

  94. Adhikari R, Melia KM. The (mis)direction of migrant nurses in the Great britain: a sociological study. J Nurs Manag. 2015;23(3):359–67.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar

  95. Agudelo-Suarez A, Gil-Gonzalez D, Ronda-Perez E, Porthe V, Paramio-Perez G, Garcia AM, Gari A. Discrimination, work and health in immigrant populations in Spain. Soc Sci Med. 2009;68(10):1866–74.

    PubMed  Commodity  Google Scholar

  96. Ahonen EQ, Lopez-Jacob MJ, Vazquez ML, Porthe V, Gil-Gonzalez D, Garcia AM, Ruiz-Frutos C, Benach J, Benavides FG, Project I. Invisible work, unseen hazards: the health of women immigrant household service workers in Spain. Am J Ind Med. 2010;53(4):405–16.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar

  97. Ahonen EQ, Porthe V, Vazquez ML, Garcia AM, Lopez-Jacob MJ, Ruiz-Frutos C, Ronda-Perez E, Benach J, Benavides FG, Project I. A qualitative study about immigrant workers' perceptions of their working weather condition in Spain. J Epidemiol Customs Wellness. 2009;63(11):936–42.

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar

  98. Chen SI, Skillen DL. Promoting personal safety of building service workers: bug and challenges. AAOHN J. 2006;54(6):262–9.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar

  99. Dean JA, Wilson K. 'Education? It is irrelevant to my task now. It makes me very depressed ...': exploring the health impacts of under/unemployment among highly skilled contempo immigrants in Canada. Ethn Wellness. 2009;fourteen(2):185–204.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar

  100. Facey ME. The wellness effects of taxi driving - the case of visible minority drivers in Toronto. Can J Public Health. 2003;94(4):254–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar

  101. Friberg JH, Arnholtz J, Eldring L, Hansen NW, Thorarins F. Nordic labour market place institutions and new migrant workers: smoothen migrants in Oslo, Copenhagen and Reykjavik. Europ J Ind Relat. 2014;20(ane):37–53.

    Commodity  Google Scholar

  102. Galon T, Briones-Vozmediano Due east, Agudelo-Suarez AA, Felt EB, Benavides FG, Ronda E. Agreement sickness presenteeism through the experience of immigrant workers in a context of economic crisis. Am J Ind Med. 2014;57(8):950–9.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar

  103. Hviid K, Smith LH, Frydendall KB, Flyvholm MA. Visibility and social recognition as psychosocial work environment factors among cleaners in a multi-ethnic workplace intervention. Int J Environ Res Public Wellness. 2012;10(1):85–106.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar

  104. Jensen FW, Frydendall KB, Flyvholm MA. Vocational preparation courses every bit an intervention on change of piece of work practice amongst immigrant cleaners. Am J Ind Med. 2011;54(eleven):872–84.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar

  105. Kosny A, MacEachen E, Lifshen M, Smith P, Jafri GJ, Neilson C, Pugliese D, Shields J. Delicate dances: immigrant workers' experiences of injury reporting and claim filing. Ethn Health. 2012;17(iii):267–xc.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar

  106. Lopez-Jacob MJ, Safont EC, Garcia AM, Gari A, Agudelo-Suarez A, Gil A, Benavides FG. Participation and influence of migrant workers on working conditions: a qualitative approach. New Solutions. 2010;20(2):225–38.

    PubMed  Commodity  Google Scholar

  107. Nortvedt L, Hansen HP, Kumar BN, Lohne V. Caught in suffering bodies: a qualitative study of immigrant women on long-term ill leave in Norway. J Clin Nurs. 2015;24(21–22):3266–75.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar

  108. Nortvedt L, Lohne 5, Kumar BN, Hansen HP. A lonely life--a qualitative study of immigrant women on long-term ill leave in Norway. Int J Nurs Stud. 2016;54:54–64.

    PubMed  Commodity  Google Scholar

  109. Porthe Five, Ahonen Due east, Vazquez ML, Pope C, Agudelo AA, Garcia AM, Amable One thousand, Benavides FG, Benach J, Projection I. Extending a model of precarious employment: a qualitative study of immigrant workers in Spain. Am J Ind Med. 2010;53(4):417–24.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar

  110. Premji South, Messing K, Lippel Yard. Cleaved English language, broken bones? Mechanisms linking language proficiency and occupational health in a Montreal garment factory. Int J Health Serv. 2008;38(1):1–19.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar

  111. Ronda Eastward, Briones-Vozmediano E, Galon T, Garcia AM, Benavides FG, Agudelo-Suarez AA. A qualitative exploration of the bear on of the economic recession in Spain on working, living and health conditions: reflections based on immigrant workers' experiences. Wellness Expect. 2016;19(2):416–26.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar

  112. Sarli A. The psycho-social malaise of migrant private carers in Italy: a rampant, but hidden health demand. Acta Bio-Medica de l Ateneo Parmense. 2014;85(3):62–73.

    Google Scholar

  113. Smith LH, Hviid 1000, Frydendall KB, Flyvholm MA. Improving the psychosocial work environment at multi-ethnic workplaces: a multi-component intervention strategy in the cleaning industry. Int J Environ Res Public Wellness. 2013;x(10):4996–5010.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar

  114. Weishaar HB. Consequences of international migration: a qualitative report on stress among polish migrant workers in Scotland. Public Wellness. 2008;122(eleven):1250–six.

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar

  115. Nielsen SS, Krasnik A. Poorer self-perceived health amid migrants and indigenous minorities versus the majority population in Europe: a systematic review. Int J Public Health. 2010;55(five):357–71.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar

  116. Lindert J, Ehrenstein Os, Priebe S, Mielck A, Brähler E. Depression and anxiety in labor migrants and refugees – a systematic review and meta-analysis. Soc Sci Med. 2009;69(2):246–57.

    PubMed  Commodity  Google Scholar

  117. Domnich A, Panatto D, Gasparini R, Amicizia D. The "salubrious immigrant" effect: does information technology exist in Europe today? IJPH. 2012;ix(iii):e7532. https://ijphjournal.it/article/view/7532/6791.

  118. Moullan Y, Jusot F. Why is the 'healthy immigrant effect' unlike between European countries? Eur J Pub Health. 2014;24(Suppl 1):80–6.

    Article  Google Scholar

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the Nordic Council of Ministers for fiscal support and Benedicte Mohr for communication on literature search strategies.

Funding

The present systematic review was supported by the Nordic Council of Ministers (grant # 16222). The funding body had no part in the in the pattern of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets supporting the conclusions of this article are included within the article (and its Additional files).

Author information

Affiliations

  1. National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway

    T. Sterud, T. Tynes, I. Sivesind Mehlum & K. B. Veiersted

  2. Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland

    B. Bergbom & A. Airila

  3. Occupational and Ecology Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden

    B. Johansson & M. Brendler-Lindqvist

  4. National Research Centre for the Working Surroundings, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Yard. Hviid & M. -A. Flyvholm

Contributions

TS initiated the study and coordinated the work. TT, ISM, KBV, BB, AA, BJ, MB, KH, MAF and TS contributed to the processes of defining the criteria for the inclusion and exclusion of studies, reviewing and assessing the master studies, discussing findings, cartoon conclusions too equally the completion of the manuscript. TS drafted the manuscript. TS agrees to act as guarantor for the paper. All authors have read and approved the final draft of the manuscript.

Corresponding writer

Correspondence to T. Sterud.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Not applicative, no study subjects involved.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Publisher'south Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Additional files

Additional file 1:

Search profiles. (DOCX fifteen kb)

Additional file 2:

Working weather and occupational health among immigrant workers: The data (authors; country, year of publication; aims of the study; study design; sample clarification, working conditions; wellness outcomes, summary of primary results and general methodological comments) extracted from the manufactures. (DOCX 61 kb)

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed nether the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted utilize, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(due south) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/i.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Sterud, T., Tynes, T., Mehlum, I.S. et al. A systematic review of working conditions and occupational wellness among immigrants in Europe and Canada. BMC Public Health 18, 770 (2018). https://doi.org/x.1186/s12889-018-5703-3

Download commendation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI : https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5703-3

Keywords

  • Emigrants and immigrants
  • Labour migrant
  • Migrant worker
  • Occupations
  • Occupational injury
  • Occupational safety and wellness
  • Review
  • Systematic review
  • Work

riceinity1998.blogspot.com

Source: https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-018-5703-3

Related Posts

0 Response to "How Are Immigrants Treated in Czech Republic + Peer Reviewed"

Post a Comment

Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)

Iklan Atas Artikel

Iklan Tengah Artikel 1

Iklan Tengah Artikel 2

Iklan Bawah Artikel